![]() Today, the most widespread type of closed-loop control systems is the Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) controller. In contrast, a closed-loop controller incorporates continuous feedback, enabling real-time adjustments to enhance precision, stability, and robustness, making it more suitable for achieving desired control objectives in changing conditions. In the context of control strategies, an open-loop control system refers to a controller whose action is determined based on predetermined input values without considering feedback. One of the first attempts to rigorously describe control loops using feedback traces back to more than 150 years ago with James Clark Maxwell’s article, On Governors. ![]() the routing back of the output of a system to its input, have existed since antiquity and have nowadays become an integral part of modern technology. Self-regulating systems using feedback loops, i.e. Non-Contact Atomic Force Microscopy (NC-AFM) Multi-Frequency Atomic Force Microscopy (MF-AFM) Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy Magnetometry with Ensembles of NV Centers Quantum Computing with Superconducting Qubits
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